MOUNTAIN MEN
A mountain man is a trapper and explorer who
lives in the wilderness. Mountain men were most common in the North American
Rocky Mountains from about 1810 through the 1880s (with a peak population in
the early 1840s). They were instrumental in opening up the various Emigrant
Trails (widened into wagon roads) allowing Americans in the east to settle the
new territories of the far west by organized wagon trains traveling over roads
explored and in many cases, physically improved by the mountain men and the big
fur companies originally to serve the mule train based inland fur trade.
They arose in a natural geographic and economic
expansion driven by the lucrative earnings available in the North American fur
trade, in the wake of the various 1806–07 published accounts of the Lewis and
Clark expeditions' (1803–1806) findings about the Rockies and the
(ownership-disputed) Oregon Country where they flourished economically for over
three decades. By the time two new international treaties in early 1846 and
early 1848 officially settled new western coastal territories on the United States
and spurred a large upsurge in migration, the days of mountain men making a
good living by fur trapping had largely ended. This was partially because the
fur industry was failing due to reduced demand and overtrapping. With the silk
trade and quick collapse of the North American beaver-based fur trade in the
later 1830s–1840s, many of the mountain men settled into jobs as Army Scouts,
wagon train guides and settlers through the lands which they had helped open
up. Others, like William Sublette, opened up fort-trading posts along the Oregon Trail to service the remnant fur trade and the
settlers heading west.
Mountain men were most common in the North
American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 through the 1880s (with a peak
population in the early 1840s). Approximately 3,000 mountain men ranged the
mountains between 1820 and 1840, the peak beaver-harvesting period. While there
were many free trappers, most mountain men were employed by major fur
companies. The life of a company man was almost militarized. The men had mess
groups, hunted and trapped in brigades and always reported to the head of the
trapping party. This man was called a "boosway", a bastardization of
the French term bourgeoisie. He was the leader of the brigade and the head
trader.
Donald Mackenzie, representing the North West
Company, held a Rendezvous in the Boise
River Valley
in 1819. The rendezvous system was later implemented by William Henry Ashley of
the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, whose company representatives would haul
supplies to specific mountain locations in the spring, engage in trading with
trappers, and bring pelts back to communities on the Missouri and Mississippi
rivers in the fall. Ashley sold his business to the outfit of Jackson and
Sublette. He continued to earn revenue by selling that firm their supplies.
This system of rendezvous with trappers continued when other firms,
particularly the American Fur Company owned by John Jacob Astor, entered the
field.
The annual rendezvous was often held at Horse
Creek on the Green River, now called the Upper Green River Rendezvous Site,
near present-day Pinedale , Wyoming . By the mid-1830s, it attracted
450-500 men annually, essentially all the American trappers and traders working
in the Rockies , as well as numerous Native
Americans. In the late 1830s, the Canadian-based Hudson 's Bay Company (HBC) instituted a
policy to destroy the American fur trade. The HBC's annual Snake River
Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise. Beginning in 1834, it
visited the American Rendezvous to buy furs at low prices. The HBC was able to
offer manufactured trade goods at prices far below that with which American fur
companies could compete. Combined with a decline in demand for and supply of
beaver, by 1840 the HBC had effectively destroyed the American system. The last
rendezvous was held in 1840. During the same years, fashion in Europe shifted away from the formerly popular beaver
hats; at the same time, the animal had become overhunted. After achieving an
American monopoly by 1830, Astor got out of the fur business before its
decline.
By 1841 the American Fur Company and the Rocky
Mountain Fur Company were in ruins. By 1846 only some 50 American trappers still
worked in the Snake River country, compared to
500-600 in 1826. Soon after the strategic victory by the HBC, the Snake River
route was used for emigrants as the Oregon Trail ,
which brought a new form of competition. Former trappers earned money as guides
or hunters for the emigrant parties.
A second fur trading and supply center grew up
in Taos in what is today New Mexico . This
trade attracted numerous French Americans from Louisiana and some French Canadian trappers,
in addition to Anglo-Americans. Some New Mexican residents also pursued the
beaver trade, as Mexican citizens initially had some legal advantages. Trappers
and traders in the Southwest covered territory that was generally inaccessible
to the large fur companies. It included parts of New Mexico ,
Nevada , California
and central and southern Utah .
After the decline in beaver and the fur trade, with some emigrants to the West
using the Mormon Trail, former trappers found work as guides and hunters for
the traveling parties.
After the short-lived American Pacific Fur
Company was sold, the British controlled the fur trade in the Pacific
Northwest, under first the North West Company and then the Hudson 's Bay Company. To prevent American fur
traders from competing, the British companies adopted a policy of destroying
fur resources west of the Rocky Mountains, especially in the upper Snake River country. After the Hudson 's
Bay Company took over operations in the Pacific Northwest in 1821, the Snake River country was rapidly trapped out.
This halted American expansion into the region.
After 1825 few American trappers worked west of the Rocky
Mountains , and those who did generally found it unprofitable.
According to historian Richard Mackie, this policy of the Hudson 's
Bay Company forced American trappers to remain in the Rocky
Mountains , which gave rise to the term "mountain men".
Mountain men were instrumental in opening up
the various Emigrant Trails (widened into wagon roads) allowing Americans in
the east to settle the new territories of the far west by organized wagon
trains traveling over roads explored and in many cases, physically improved by
the mountain men and the big fur companies originally to serve the mule train
based inland fur trade.
By the time two new international treaties in
early 1846 and early 1848 officially settled new western coastal territories on
the United States
and spurred a large upsurge in migration, the days of mountain men making a
good living by fur trapping had largely ended. This was because the fur
industry was failing due to overtrapping. Fortuitously, America's ongoing
western migration by wagon trains with the goal of claiming cheap lands in the
west was building rapidly from a trickle of settlers from 1841's opening of the
Oregon Trail (now a wagon road) to a flood of emigrants headed west by 1847–49
and thereafter well into the later 1880s.
With the silk trade and quick collapse of the
North American beaver-based fur trade in the later 1830s–1840s, many of the
mountain men settled into jobs as Army Scouts, wagon train guides and settlers
through the lands which they had helped open up. Others, like William Sublette,
opened up fort-trading posts along the Oregon Trail
to service the remnant fur trade and the settlers heading west.
By the time the fur trade began to collapse in
the 1840s, motivating them to change jobs, the trails they had explored and
turned into reliable mule trails and improved gradually into wagon-capable
freight roads combined to allow them to hire themselves as guides and scouts.
At the same time the great push west along the newly opened Oregon Trail built
up from a trickle of settlers in 1841 to a steady stream in 1844–1846, and then
became a flood as the highly organized Mormon migration exploited the road to
the Great Salt Lake discovered by mountain man
Jim Bridger in 1847–1848. The migration would explode in 1849's "The
Forty-Niners" in response to the discovery of gold in California in 1848. Manifest Destiny had
received a powerful push in the spring and summer of 1846 with the international
treaties settling the ownership of the Pacific coast territories and Oregon
Country on the United States .
Mountain men were ethnically, socially, and
religiously diverse, fitting no ready stereotype. While they considered
themselves independent they were, in fact, economically an arm of the big fur
companies which held annual fairs for the mountain men to sell their wares
known as Trapper's rendezvous. Most were born in Canada ,
the United States , or in
Spanish-governed Mexican territories, although some European immigrants also
moved west in search of financial opportunity, and the French and British both
had long-standing active fur-trading industries in Canada . Like any businessmen,
mountain men were primarily motivated by profit, trading with Amerindians and
trapping themselves for beaver and other skins and selling the skins, although
some few were more interested in exploring the West and traded solely to
support their passion. As such, most of them were part trader, part explorer,
part exploiter, part trapper, part teamster, and part settler, some of them
farmers or occasional (army) hired scouts; most survived by having good
relations with one or more native tribes, being multilingual out of necessity.
They quite frequently lived part of the year (mainly winters) with Amerindians
and, as often, took Indian wives in the normal course of human events.
The stereotypical mountain man has been
depicted as dressed in buckskin and a coonskin cap, sporting bushy facial hair
and carrying a Hawken rifle and Bowie knife, commonly referred to as a
"scalpin' knife." They have been romanticized as honorable men with
their own chivalrous code, loners who would help those in need but who had
found their home in the wild.
Most trappers traveled and worked in companies.
Their typical dress combined woolen hats and cloaks with serviceable
Indian-style leather breeches and shirts. Mountain men often wore moccasins,
but generally carried a pair of heavy boots for rough terrain. Each mountain
man also carried basic gear, which could include arms, powder horns and a shot
pouch, knives and hatchets, canteens, cooking utensils, and supplies of
tobacco, coffee, salt, and pemmican. Items (other than shooting supplies) that
needed to be "at hand" were carried in a "possibles" bag.
Horses or mules were essential, in sufficient number for a riding horse for
each man and at least one for carrying supplies and furs.
In summer, mountain men searched for fur
animals, but they waited until autumn to set their traplines. They sometimes
worked in groups. Several men would trap, others would hunt for game, and one
would remain in camp to guard the camp and be a cook. Since there were always
Indians in the areas where they trapped, trappers had to deal with each tribe
or band separately. Some tribes were friendly, while others were hostile.
Mountain men traded with friendly tribes and exchanged information. Hostile
tribes were avoided when possible.
The life of a mountain man was rugged. They
explored unmapped areas. Bears and hostile tribes presented constant physical
dangers. Mountain men had to use their senses of hearing, sight, and smell to
keep themselves alive. When they were sick, they would use whatever herbs they
had to try to get well. If game was scarce, they would go hungry. In summer
they could catch fish, build a log cabin, and roam in search of fur. Cabins
were built near friendly Indians. But in other areas, most camps were just
temporary. Most winters were brutal. Heavy snow storms or extremely low
temperatures keep men in their cabins. But no matter what the season, there was
always danger. Many men did not last more than several years in the wilderness.
With the exception of coffee, their food
supplies generally duplicated the diet of native tribes in the areas where they
trapped. Fresh red meat, fowl, and fish were generally available. Some plant
foods, such as fruit and berries, were easy for the men to harvest. They traded
with the tribes for prepared foods, such as processed roots, dried meat, and
pemmican. In times of crisis and bad weather, mountain men were known to
slaughter and eat their horses and mules.
A free trapper was a mountain man who, in
today's terms, would be called a free agent. He was independent and traded his
pelts to whoever would provide him with the best price. This contrasts with a
"company man," typically in debt to one fur company for the cost of
his gear, who traded only with them (and was often under the direct command of
company representatives). Some company men who paid off the debt could become
free traders using the gear they had earned. They might sell to the same
company when the price was agreeable/convenient.
Historical reenactment of the dress and
lifestyle of a mountain man, sometimes known as buckskinning, allows people to
recreate aspects of this historical period. Today's Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
and other reenacted events are both history-oriented and social occasions. Some
modern men choose a lifestyle similar to that of historical mountain men. They
may live and roam in the mountains of the west or in the swamps of the southern
United States .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Idahohistory.net.
2. Mackie,
Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on
the Pacific 1793-1843. Vancouver : University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. str.
107–111.
3. Firearms,
Traps, and Tools of the Mountain Men: A Guide to the Equipment of the Trappers
and Fur Traders Who Opened the Old West. Skyhorse Publishing. 2010. str. 480.
4. PBS.org.